Submission guidelines

Article length

  • Manuscripts must be between 4,000 and 6,000 words, inclusive of all sections such as references, footnotes, images, and tables.

Content requirements

  • Manuscripts should be concise, comprehensive, clear, and scientific, accurately reflecting the author's research results and arguments.

Headings and subheading

Manuscripts should be divided into headings and subheadings with concise titles, clearly numbered, each presented on a separate line.

Numbering format:

  • Main headings: 1, 2, 3…
  • Subheadings: 1.1, 1.2…
  • Sub-subheadings: 1.1.1, 1.1.2…

Article structure

Introduction: State the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results.

Methodology: Provide sufficient details to allow the work to be reproduced by an independent researcher. Methods that are already published should be summarized and indicated by a reference. If quoting directly from a previously published method, use quotation marks and also cite the source. Any modifications to existing methods should also be described.

Theory/calculation: A Theory section should extend, not repeat, the background to the article already dealt with in the Introduction and lay the foundation for further work. In contrast, a Calculation section represents a practical development from a theoretical basis.

Results: Results should be clear and concise.

Discussion: This should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat them. A combined Results and Discussion section is often appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published literature.

Conclusions: The main conclusions of the study may be presented in a short Conclusions section, which may stand alone or form a subsection of a Discussion or Results and Discussion section.

Acknowledgments: Collate acknowledgments in a separate section at the end of the article before the references. List here those individuals who provided help during the research.

Appendices: If there is more than one appendix, they should be identified as A, B, etc. Formulae and equations in appendices should be given separate numbering: Eq. (A.1), Eq. (A.2), etc.; in a subsequent appendix, Eq. (B.1) and so on. It is similar for tables and figures: Table A.1; Fig. A.1, etc.

Essential title page information 

Title. Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.

Author names and affiliations. Please clearly indicate the given name (s) and family name (s) of each author and check that all names are accurately spelled. Present the authors' affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name and, if available, the e-mail address, hand phone number of the corresponding author.

Abstract: A concise and factual abstract is required. The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, references should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author (s) and year (s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. The abstract must have a limit of 150-250 words.

Writing an abstract: Writing an abstract an be difficult because you are tasked with condensing tons of work into such a small amount of space. Remember the abstracts you have ever read? What made you not to read the read the papers? Ask yourself these questions when writing an abstract.

When writing an abstract, you should focus on:

  • What your research is about
  • What methods have been used
  • What you found out

Tips for writing an abstract

  1. Your abstract must have a minimum of 150 words and a maximum of 250 words.
  2. Make sure that your abstract is self-contained, without abbreviations, footnotes, or incomplete references.
  3. It should be a concise summary that makes sense on its own.
  4. There is a significant difference between original research papers and review papers when it comes to abstracts.
  • For original papers, you should describe your method and procedures.
  • For reviews, you should first state the primary objective of the review, the reasoning behind your choice, the main outcomes and results of your review, and the conclusions that might be drawn, including their implications for further research, application, or practice. 

Abstract checklist

  • Have you clearly summarized the article?
  • Have you included your keywords?
  • Does it encourage researchers to read on?
  • Does it fit within the word count?
  • Is it easy to understand without any prior knowledge of the topic?

Please see two examples here.

Keywords: Immediately after the abstract, provide a minimum of 3 keywords, and avoid general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, “and”, “of”).

Presentation techniques

Abbreviations: Abbreviations must be defined at their first mention there and ensure consistency of abbreviations throughout the article.

Math formulae: Please submit math equations as editable text and not as images. Present simple formulae in line with normal text where possible and use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line for small fractional terms, e.g., X/Y. In principle, variables are to be presented in italics. Powers of e are often more conveniently denoted by exp. Number consecutively any equations that have to be displayed separately from the text (if referred to explicitly in the text).

Footnotes: Footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout the article by using the automatic function of creating footnotes at the end of a page. Do not include footnotes in the References.

Artworks: Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing (Times New Roman and the font size of 10 is recommended) of your original artwork. Illustrations must be of high resolution, clear, with monochrome. With charts, it is recommended to use symbols (instead of colors) for a caption. Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text. Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files. Provide captions to illustrations separately right beneath the illustrations (not attached to the figure) and state their originality.

Tables: Please submit tables as editable text and not as images. Number tables consecutively following their appearance in the text and place any table notes below the table body. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in them do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article. Please avoid using vertical rules and shading in table cells.

In-text citations and references

All references cited within the article must be fully listed in the references, and vice versa. This ensures consistency and allows readers to easily locate the sources.

JEB adheres to the American Psychological Association (APA) 7th edition citation style for both in-text citations and reference formatting. For detailed guidelines, please refer to the official APA website at http://www.apastyle.org/